berdan



2 Sheets Sheet 1.

H. BERDAN.

Bake Oven.

Patented Oct. 20, 1857.

N4 PEIERS. Mwlimomphcr. Washington. n.c

2 Sh tSh t2." H. BERDANt Bake Oven.

No, 18,429. Patented Oct. 20,1857.

N, PETERS. Pholo-Liflwgnpher. Washingflnru 0.0.

UNITED STATES PATENT oEEIoE.

HIRAM BERDAN, OF NEW YORK, N. Y.

IBAKERS OVEN.

Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 18,429, dated October20, 1857; Reissued September 11, 1860, No. 1,035.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, HIRAM BERDAN, of the city, county, and State of NewYork, have invented certain new and useful Improve.

ments in Bakers Ovens; and I do hereby declare that the following is afull, clear, and exact description of the same, reference being had tothe accompanying drawings, making part of this specification, in whichFigure 1, is a front elevation of an oven to which my invention isapplied. Fig. 2 is an end elevation of the same. Fig. 3 is a backelevation of the same. Fig. 4 is a vertical section in a plane parallelwith Fig. 1. Fig. 5 is a vertical section parallel with Fig. 2, in aplane indicated by the line a", w, in Figs. 1, 3, and 4. Figs. 6, 7, 7*,8, 9, 10, ll, 12, 13, 14, and 15, are detail views that will behereinafter referred to.

Similar letters of reference indicate corresponding parts in the severalfigures.

My invention consists in furnishing the interior of an oven with one ormore moving upright endless chains carrying one or more series of tracksor their equivalent, which, during a great portion of the movement ofsaid endless chains, constitute horizontal shelf-like supports on whichthe bread or other substance or substances to be baked is conveyed witha vertical or nearly vertical movement from a door or doors throughwhich it is introduced to the oven by machinery provided for thatpurpose to a door or doors through which it is withdrawn therefrom byother machinery when sufliciently baked, the time occupied in suchconveyance being just sufficient for the baking process, which is madecontinuous for any length of time by the introduction of new supplies asfast as the discharges take place; the oven being thus kept constantlyfilled with the bread or other substance or substances at progressivestages of the baking process.

To enable others skilled in the art to make and use my invention I willproceed to describe its construct-ion and operation.

A, is the oven, built of brickwork or masonry and strengthened with ironplates, of

quadrangular form in its transverse section,

having upright sides and an arched roof and an arched bottom, with itsfireplace K, under the bottom; said fireplace having bridge walls a, andZ), on each side, over which the products of combustion have to pass,under the entire bottom of the oven, to the two main horizontal fiues c,0, from whence they pass through a number of upright fire-clay-pipeflues cl, (Z, which line the sides of the oven and communicate with twohorizontal main fiues e, 6, close to the roof, which latter fines, areintended to enter a connecting flue outside the oven communicatingdirectly with the chimney.

7c, is the fire door at the back of the oven.

B, B B are three pairs of upright endless chains within the oven, fittedto run on sprocket wheels, C, (3*, 0 C C C which are secured on threepairs of parallel horizontal shafts D, D D D D 13 which are fitted torotate in suitable bearings in plates f, f, which are secured to thefront and back of the interior of the oven; the said plates being stayedby stays i, '5, see Fig. 4; one pair D, D*, of said shafts beingarranged with their axes in a vertical plane passing through the centerof the oven, one shaft near the top and the other near the bottom of theoven; and the other two pairs having their axes arranged in verticalplanes at equal distances from the central pair on opposite sidesthereof, near the ends of the oven, and at corresponding elevations, asshown in Fig. 4; each pair of shafts carrying on its four sprocketwheels one pair of endless chains, and the chains and sprocket wheelsbeing arranged nearly close to the back and front of the oven as isshown in Fig. 5.

The endless chains are kept in upright positions between theirrespective sprocket wheels by means of upright projections g, 9, (seeFig. 4:) on the two plates f, 7, which projections enter and fit easilybetween the sides of the chains. The two end less chains whichconstitute one pair, that is to say the two which are hung on the samepair of shafts, are connected together at equal distances by horizontalbars h, h, which are bolted to or cast with alternate links j, j, of thetwo chains, as shown in Fig. 4t, and further illustrated in Figs. 11 and12, the former of which figures is a front view on a larger scale thanFig. 4, of three links of one of the chains, exhibiting the bars h, h,in section, and the latter is a side view of three links of each chainof one pair and two connecting bars, on a scale to correspond with Fig.11. The bars 71, h, which it will be observed are on the.

outer faces of the chains, constitute tracks extending from the front tothe back of the oven, to support cars E, E, E, E, on which the bread orother substance or substances to be baked are run into and from the ovenand supported while in the oven undergoing the baking process; one sideof each car being supported by a bar it, on the straight portion of thecenter pair of'chains B, and the other by a bar h, on the straightportion of one of the side chains B or B The shafts of the chains are sogeared by their driving gear hereinafter to be described, that each barh, on the straight portions of the central pair of chains B, that is tosay the portions that are free of the sprocket wheels, is exactly on thesame level as a bar of the nearest side of the nearest outer pair ofchains B or B so as to suport the cars in a perfectly horizontalposition, as is illustrated in Fig. 4. The distances between the severalbars h, it, taken vertically on straight portions of the chains, is onlyjust sufficient to allow about from four to eight inches of clear spacebetween the tops of the loaves or other articles on the cars and thebottoms of the cars above, so that as many cars as possible may becontained in the oven at the same time. The chains have severally acontinuous motion in such direction (indicated by arrows in Fig. 4) thatthe cars supported by the chains B, B are always descending and thosesupported by the chains B, B always ascending. The plates f, f, whichline the back and front of the oven, are furnished with uprightprojecting pieces 86, the faces of which serve to guide the ends of thecars in their ascent and descent.

F, F F F are four vertically sliding doors, fitted to openings in frontof the oven, said openings being of a height and width sufficient forthe cars E, E, when loaded with bread or other material to pass through,to and from the oven; two of said openings to which are fitted the doorsF, and F*, being situated opposite the space between the chains B and Band the other two openings to which are fitted the doors F and F beingsituated opposite the space between the chains B and B the two openingsbelonging to the doors F and F, being on the same level with each other,or nearly so, near the top of the straight portions of the chains, andthe other two belonging to the doors F and F, being on the same levelwith each other, or nearly so, near the bottom of the straight portionsof the chains. The bottoms of the door frames the tracks h, h, for thewheels 9, g, of the cars E, E, to run on, on their way into and from theoven. The doors F and F admit the cars to the oven with the unbakedbread, and those F F serve for the exit of the cars with the bread afterit is baked. The velocity of the movement of the chains is such that thetime occupied by the several cars in their movement from the door F tothe door F*, or from the door F to the door F is just sufiicient for thebaking process.

G, G G G are four horizontal shafts, fitted to work in bearings inbrackets Z, Z, secured to the front of the oven; one of the said shaftsbeing situated above each of the four doors and each carrying a toothedsector m, gearing with an upright toothed rack n, attached. to itsrespective door, for the purpose of opening and closing the doors byproper movement imparted to the shafts in the manner hereinafterdescribed, at proper intervals of time for the entrance and exit of thecars as the track bars h, h, severally arrive on a level with thebottoms of the openings.

1, 1*, are two iron platforms, situated in front of the oven at such adistance below the openings J, J, as is convenient for men standmg uponsaid platforms to load the cars when the latter are properly supportedat a proper level to run into the oven. These platforms which are levelwith two floors of the bakehouse are stayed together by pillars M, M,and have upon them tracks p, [9, parallel with the front of the oven,(see Figs. 1, 2, and 5) along which tracks travel two wheeled carriagesL, L upon which the cars E, E, are received as they leave the oven bythe discharging doors F*, F, and by which they, after having beenunloaded, are conveyed to positions opposite the receiving doors F, F tobe in readiness to enter the oven again when the latter doors are openedat the proper time; the movements of the said carriages along thetracks, 7), p, for the above purpose being effected through the agencyof chains t, t, t t (see Fig. 1) which are operated by means hereinafterdescribed and said movements being limited by stationarystops u, a. Eachof the carriages L, L*, which are both alike, is provided respectivelywith a tilting frame 1", 1", r a, the two side rails r, 7, of which,when the carriage is opposite one of the doors, form continuations ofthe tracks 0, 0, and of any of the tracks h, ii, that may happen to beat the right level, so that the cars may run from the oven directly onto the rails 1,1", or vice versa. Those ends of the rails r, 1", whichare farthest from the oven are turned up, as shown in Figs. 2 and 5, tostop the Wheels q, 9, when the cars have run far enough out of the ovento allow the doors to close. The tilting frame 1", r, 7, 1

of each of the carriages L, L*, is balanced on two pivots s, s, whichare supported in the ends of the carriage, but it is so arranged thatwhen a loaded car is received upon it from the oven, its outer end shallbe overbalanced by the weight of the car, and it with the car upon itshall be caused to assume an inclined position so that the bread orother baked substance or substances will slide off the car into asuitable receptacle, while the car is retained upon the rails r, 1, bythe turned-up ends of said rails. This operation of the tilting frame isillustrated in Fig. 10, which represents a vertical section of thedischarging door F with the carriage L* opposite to it; the latterhaving received a car which has just tilted the frame 7, 1", 1, 1' andthus been caused to dischargeits bread or other baked substance orsubstances. The same carriage is represented in the same condition inred outline in Fig. l. The tilting frame 7", 1", 1"", 1' of eachcarriage is returned to a horizontal position while the carriage is onits way from the discharging to the receiving door, by means of a levero, of the second order, (see particularly Figs. 5 and 10, but also Fig.1,) which lever is attached at one end by a fulcrum pin to that side ofthe body of the carriage that is farthest from the oven and which hasits other end supported in a notch in an upright silding piece o workingin a guide attached to that side of the body of the carriage that isnearest to the oven. This upright sliding piece '0 has a wheel oattached to it, which runs on a rail '2), between the rails p, 7); saidrail 71 having an upward inclination from the discharging toward thereceiving door, as shown in Fig. 1. An anti-friction roller 0, isattached to the tilting frame in a position between its pivots s, s, andits outer end; see Fig. 5. When the carriage is opposite the dischargingdoor, the wheel a of the sliding piece 12 being at the bottom of theinclination of the rail o allows the sliding piece to occupy a lowposition relatively to the tilting frame, and the lever e, hangs downlow enough to allow the tilting frame to come to the inclined positionshown in Fig. 10; but as the carriage runs toward the receiving door,the wheel Q1 in running up theinclined face of the rail o causes thesliding piece 11 to lift the lever e, gradually; and said lever comingin contact with the roller o lifts up the outer end of the tilting frameand replaces it in a horizontal position and holds it in that po sitionwith the car upon it, opposite the receiving door, in readiness to bereloaded and run into the oven at the proper time. hen the tilting frameis in a horizontal position, the end nearest the oven has a bearing upona rest '0 attached to the carriage. The loading of the cars is performedby hand, as is represented in Fig. 5.

w, is an aperture in the back of the oven opposite the door F, to admita pair of spring tongs y, attached to a long horizontal iron bar N,which is fitted with rollers z, 2, to run upon a stationary horizontalbar 0, which is attached at its front end to the back of the oven andsupported at its rear end by an upright frame P, see Fig. 5. This bar Nis furnished with a toothed rack gearing with a spur wheel 20, on ashort horizontal shaft 21, arranged in suitable bearings in brackets 22,22, forming parts of a large casting V, secured to the back of the oven,which shaft is operated at proper intervals by means hereinafterdescribed, to make the spur wheel act upon the rack and drive the bar N,quickly .through the oven every time a pair of rails h, h, of the chainsB, B arrive on a level with the tracks 0, 0, inside the door F, for thepurpose of seizing hold of the loaded car of unbaked bread or othersubstance or substances that is at the time waiting opposite the saiddoor, and return as quickly, drawing the said car along the tracks 0, 0,and h, h, into the oven. The operation of the bar N, and tongs y, isillustrated in Figs. 5 and 8, the latter of which figures exhibits ahorizontal section of the aperture J, of the door F, and a plan of thebar N, and one of the cars inside the oven and another outside. Thestationary position occupied by the bar N, and tongs 1 after havingdrawn a car into the oven, and while in waiting to run through the ovenwhen the proper time arrives to fetch another car, is represented inFigs. 5 and 8, in black outline; and their position at the time of justhaving seized a car, in red outline. The tongs have latches at theirextremities, which spring past a double hook 23, which is provided onthe back of each car, and these latches and the hook 23, attach the carto the bar N. After the car has been drawn into the oven, it isliberated. from the tongs by its descent with the chains, while the barand tongs remain in the position shown in black outline; and as soon asthe car has moved entirely below the tongs, the latter are at liberty torun in to fetch another car at the proper time.

10 is an aperture like to, in the back of the oven opposite the door Fto admit a pair of spring tongs y attached to a bar N like N, sliding ona similar bar attached to the oven and to the frame P. The bar N andtongs 1/ are operated substantially like the bar N, and tongs 2 to fetchthe cars through the doors F on to the ascending tracks 71, h, of thechains B, B the only difference in the operation being that the hooks 23of the cars liberate themselves from the tongs y by an upward instead ofa downward motion.

21 is the shaft and 20 the spur gear by which the bar N is driven intoand out of the oven; said shaft being, like that 21, hung of thebrackets 2a, and the upper ends of in hearings in brackets 22, 22 on thecast ing TV.

10*, is an aperture in the back of the oven, opposite the door F toadmit a bar N*, which is provided with a broad T-shaped end, and runs ona bar 0*, that is similarly arranged to O, and 0 said bar N being forthe purpose of pushing out the cars E, E, through the open door F as thedescending tracks h, h, of the chains B, B severally arrive at a properlevel. The bar N is driven through and drawn back out of the oven in asimilar manner to the bars N, and N by means of a spur wheel 20*, on ashort horizontal shaft 21*, supported in hearings in brackets 22*, 22*,on the casting V; the said spur wheel 20" gearing with a rack on theunder side of the bar. 10 is another aperture in the back of the oven,situated opposite the door F, and serving to admit a bar N like N', thatis fitted to run on a bar 0 that is similarly arranged to O, 0*, saidbar N being for the purpose of pushing the cars through the open door Fas they are severally brought to a proper height by the ascendingmovement of the chains B, B The bar N is driven through the oven for theabove purpose and drawn back again in a similar manner to N, by means ofa spur wheel 20 gearing wit-h a rack on its upper side; said spur wheel20 being secured to a short horizontal shaft 21 fitted to run inbearings in brackets 22 on the casting Fig. 9 represents a plan of thebar N and that figure also serves to illustrate the form of the bar N asthat only differs from N in having its toothed rack on the under side.The bars N N N are all, like N, provided with rollers z, a, to run ontheir guide bars 0*, 0 All these bars are shown in the back view of theoven, Fig. 3, where the frame P is omitted, to expose the drivingmechanism by which the movements of the chains, doors, cars, andcarriages are effected.

Q, is the main shaft from which the movements of all the machinerybelonging to the oven are derived; the said shaft being supported in ahorizontal position, parallel with the back of the oven, in hearings inbrackets 24, 24, on the casting W, and having a rotary motion at a slowspeed imparted to it through a large spur wheel Q, secured on one end ofit, from a pinion 25*, on a shaft 25, which works in bearings attachedto a strengthening plate 26, at one corner of the back of the oven, andwhich shaft is intended to derive motion through a belt and two conepulleys from the shaft of a steam. engine or other first mover. The mainshaft Q, is furnished with three bevel wheels R, R R gearing with threeother bevel wheels S, S S on three upright shafts T, T T the bottoms ofwhich rest in steps in three which work in hearings in three brackets30, on the casting W; and said shafts T, T T carr Y three bevel pinionsU, U U gearing with three large bevel Wheels V1, on

the rear ends of the three chain shafts D D The above described train ofbevel gearing thus serves to impart motion from the main shaft to thechains 13, B B

X, is a shaft, arranged above and parallel with the main shaft Q, inhearings in brackets 27, in the two corner plates 26, and casting W, andreceiving rotary motion at the same velocity as the main shaft Q,through a spur wheel 28, fast upon it, from a spur wheel 29, on the mainshaft Q. This shaft X, is furnished at one end (seen to the left hand ofFig. 3, and right hand of Fig. 1) with a cam 31, whose form is visiblein Fig. 2, that rotates in contact with a roller 32, (see Figs. 2 and 3)at the end of an arm 33, which is fitted to swing on a pivot 34, securedin the corner plate 26, and which is connected by a rod 35, with a shortarm 36, that is fast on the end of the shaft G. The above mentioned cam,by its rotary movement in contact with the roller, gives, through thearm 33, rod 35, and arm 36, the necessary movement to the shaft G, forthe sector in, by its action on the rack 11, to open the oven door F, atthe proper time for the rod N, with its tongs y, to run forward and drawa loaded car from the carriage L, into the oven. The cam only keeps thedoor open long enough to admit the car. The door closes again by its ownweight, assisted by the weight of the rack 72, arm 33, and rod 35, allof which are so disposed as to make the roller descend the off-set ofthe cam. At the opposite end of the same shaft X, there is a cam 31which is like unto the cam 31, and operates in a similar manner upon aroller 32 attached to an arm 33 (see Fig. 3) which swings on a pivot 34,and is connected by a rod 35 with an arm 36 on the shaft G said roller,arms, and rod being arranged like those just above described as beingoperated upon by the cam 31, and being operated upon in a similar mannerto move the shaft G, to open the door F by means of the proper sector m,and rack n, at the proper time for a car of baked bread or othersubstance or substances to be pushed by the rod N out of the oven on tothe carriage L.

X is a shaft like X, arranged below and parallel with the main shaft Q,in bearings in brackets 27 in the two corner plates 26, and casting W,and receiving motion at the same speed as the main shaft Q, through aspur wheel 28 fast upon it, from the spur wheel 29, which drivestheshaft X. The shaft X is furnished at one end (seen to the left handof Fig. 3) with a cam 31*, like the cams 31, and 31 that rotates incontact with a roller 32*, attached to the end of an arm 33*, (see Figs.2 and 3) which works on a fixed pivot 34*, secured in the corner plate26, and which is connected by a rod 35*, with an arm 36*, on the shaftG'*. The roller 32*, arm 33*, rod 35*, and arm 36*, are operated upon bythe cam 31*, in a similar manner to that in which the correspondingrollers, arms, and rods, in connection with the cams on the shaft X, areoperated to give the necessary movement to the shaft G*, to cause theproper sector m, and rack n, to open the door F*, at the proper time toallow the bar N*, to push out a car of baked bread or other substance orsubstances from the oven on to the carriage At the opposite end of thesame shaft X there is a cam 31 (like 31, 31 and 31*) which operates (ina similar manner to those cams) upon a roller 32 arm 33 rod 35 and arm36 to give to the shaft G the movement necessary for the proper sectorm, and rack 12, to open the door F at the proper time for the bar N withits tongs g to pull a loaded car from the carriage L*, into the oven.All the cams above described are of such form and so arranged, and thedoors are also so arranged, that one door is closed before another isopened, and only one is allowed to be open at a time, and thus no draftsof cold air can be induced through the oven by the opening of the doors.The doors open in the following order: F, F F F*.

T he shaft Q, in addition to the spur and bevel wheels before described,carries two cams 37 and 38, the former near that end of the said shaftseen to the left handof Fig. 3, and the latter at that end seen to theright hand of the same figure. These cams are for the purpose oftransmitting motion to the chains 25, t*, F, 6 for the purpose of movingthe carriages L, L*, to convey the cars from the discharging doors F*, Fto the receiving doors F F. The mechanism through which motion istransmitted from the cams to the chains is as follows :The two chains t,25*, which are connected with the carriage L, are respectively attachedin a secure manner to two wheels 39, and 39 upon two shafts 40 and 40which are arranged in bearings 41, 41 supported by the platform I; andthese shafts carry two bevel wheels 42, 42 which gear with two beveltoothed sectors 43, 43 on a long horizontal rockshaft 44, which isarranged parallel with the front of. the oven, just above the platformI, in bearings in brackets 45, 45, attached to the two front cornerplates 46, 46, of the oven. The sector 43, is connected by a rod 47,with an arm 48 (see Figs. 2 and 3) which hangs on a fixed pin 50,secured in one of the back corner plates 26, and carries at its lowerend a roller 49, which rests against the cam 37; and the sector 43 isconnected similarly to that 43, by a rod 47 with an arm 48 (see Fig. 3)which carries a roller 49 that rests against the cam 38. The forms ofthe two cams 37, 38, and the arrangement of the several parts of themechanism above-described are such that the two sectors are operatedupon by their respective cams to move both shafts 40, 40 through thebevel wheels 42, 42 in similar directions, so that as one of the chainwheels 39, or 39 winds up its respective chain t, or 25 the other letsoff its respective chain; and the forms of the two cams and theirarrangement upon the shaft Q, are such that through the operation of themechanism above described upon the chains t, 25 the carriage L is causedto arrive opposite the door F just before that door opens; and after acar of baked bread or other substance or substances has been run out onto the said carriage, the latter is almost immediately run along itstrack p, to the door 'F, where it remains stationary till the lat-- terdoor has opened and the bar N, with its tongs y, has drawn the car intothe oven; the time that the car is stationary opposite the latter doorbeing suflicient for the car to be loaded by an attendant. t*, 25 whichare connected with the carriage L*, are connected with two chain wheels39*, 39 like those 39, 39 before described; said wheels being securedupon two shafts 40*, 40 which are arranged in bearings 41*, 41 supportedby the platform 1*, and these shafts carry two bevel wheels 42*, 42gearing with two toothed sectors 43*, 43 on a long horizontal rockshaft44*, which is arranged parallel with the front of the oven, just abovethe platform 1*, in bearings in brackets 45*, 45*, attached to the frontcorner plates 46, 46, of the oven. The sectors 43*, 43 are connected byrods 47*, 47 with two pairs of arms 48*, 48 which hang on the axles ofthe rollers 49, 49 of the arms 48, 48 and these arms 48*, 48 carryrollers 49*, 49 which rest against the cams 37, 38, and are operatedupon by them to actuate the arms 48*, 48 rods 47*, 47 sectors 43*, 43bevel wheels 42*, 42 shafts 40*, 40*, chain wheels 39*, 39 and chains6*, in the same manner as the mechanism before described for giving asimilar motion to the carriage L*, that is to say to bring the saidcarriage the proper time opposite the discharging door F*, to receive acar of bakedv bread or other substance or substances from the oven, andthen to run thesaid carriage across to the receiving door F andkeep itstation ary in front thereof till it has been reloaded and the car hasbeen run into the oven again through the latter door. It may be observedthat the hanging of the arms 48*, 48 through which the cams actuate thelower carriage, upon the axles of the rollers 49,

The two chains 49 of the arms 48, 48 does not interfere with the properoperation of either pair of arms as the lower arms are so proportionedthat only one pair of arms is op- 5 erated upon at a time by the cams37, 38, only one carriage being required to move at a time.

The shaft X, in addition to the cams 31, 31 carries two cams 51, 52, andtwo in similar ones 51 52 for the purpose of giving the necessary motionto the shafts 21, 21 before described, by whose spur wheels 20, 20 thebars N, N are operated to draw the cars into and eject them 15 from theoven, through the doors F, F and the shaft X carries two similar cams51*, 52*, and two others 51 52 for the purpose of giving the necessarymotion to the shafts 20 by whose spur wheels 20 21*, 21 the bars N*, Nare operated to draw the cars into and eject them from the oven throughthe doors F F I will first describe the arrangement and operation of themechanism through which 25 the cams 51, 52, act upon the shaft 21; andas the mechanism through which the other cams 51 52 51*, 52*, 51 52operate is exactly the same, it will merely require to be pointed out inthe drawing.

Above the shaft 21, there is a rockshaft 53, working in hearings in twobrackets 54, 54, attached to the casting W, said rookshaft carrying atoothed sector 55 (best shown in Fig. 5, but also shown in Fig. 3,)gearing with a small spur wheel 64, on shaft 21. This toothed sector hasconnected to it, by wrist pins 63, 63 on opposite sides of its shaft tworods 56, 57, to the lower ends of which are attached two rollers 58, 59,one of which rests on the cam 51, and the other on the cam 52, the saidrods being held in proper condition for the cams to act against theirrollers by two links 60, 61, which swing on a pin 62, secured in astationary frame Y, that issecured to the back of the oven. The cam 51,acting upon the roller 58, and rod 56, movesthe sector 55, in the properdirection for it to turn the wheel 64, and consequently the shaft 21, inthe direction required for its wheel 20, acting upon the rack of the barN, to drive said bar N forward through the oven; and the cam 52, actingupon the roller 59, and rod 57, moves the sector 55 in the properdirection for it to turn the wheel 64, and consequently the shaft 21,and wheel 20, in the opposite direction to draw back the bar and drawback a car into the oven. The relative forms of the two cams 51, 52, aresuch that they hold the sector steady whether in motion or at rest;neither cam allowing the sector to move any faster than the otherrequires. Above the shaft 21 is the rock shaft 53 working in bearings 5454 65 and carrying the sector 55 gearing with the wheel 64 on the shaft21 said sector having connected with it the two rods 56 57 carrying therollers 58 59 which rest upon the cams 51 52 and said rods being held inproper position by the two links 60 61 Below the two shafts 21*, and 21are arranged the two rockshafts 53*, and 53 in bearings 54* and 54 saidrockshafts carrying the sectors 55*, and 55 which gear with the spurwheels 64* and 64 on the shafts 21*, and 21 and have connected with themthe rods 56*, 57 and 56 57 whose rollers 58*, 59*, and 58 59 bearagainst the cams 51*, 52*, and 51 52 The links 60*, 61*, (see Fig. 5)which keep the rods 56* and 57*, in proper position, and the similarones (not shown) which keep the rods 56 and.57 in proper position, areattached to fixed pins as shown at 62, (Fig. 5) secured in a frame Z, atthe back of the oven.

The cars E, E, are constructed with hottoms of tile or soapstone, butpreferably with tiles of fire-clay. The superiority of such materialsfor the interior portions of ovens is well understood by bakers. Theconstruction of the bodies of the cars is well illustrated in Figs. 6,7, and 7*, the first of which figures is a plan and thenext alongitudinal section of one of the cars, on a larger scale than that onwhich they are shown in the views which represent them in the oven, andFig. 7 is a longitudinal section on a still larger scale of one of thefire-clay tiles. 65 is a quadrangular cast iron frame constituting thesides, front, and back of the car body, and strengthened by transversebars 66, said transverse bars being of the same depth as the front ofthe car but of a much less depth than the back and sides of the car, asshown in Fig. 7.

67, 67, are a number of small square frames of light wrought ironfitting between the bars 66, as shown in Fig. 6, where some of the tilesare omitted or broken away to eX- pose the said frames. These frames67,are of a depth only about one half that of the bars 66, to which theyare riveted or otherwise secured so as to leave about one half the depthof the latter standing above them, as shown in Fig. 7. The tiles 68 aremade of the same size as the exteriors of the frames 67, but each with alip 15, (see Fig. 7*) on one side to lap over and rest each on one ofthe bars 66, while the four sides of the tile are supported by theframes 67. The two sides and back of the frame 65, of the car stand upsome distance above the tile-bottom, which not only strengthens the carbut prevents the loaves or other articles slipping off in any direction,except at the front where the frame is covered by the tiles and noobstruction is offered to the slipping oif of the loaves or otherarticles, as shown in Fig. 10, when either of the carriages L, Ii istilted with the car upon it. By the above construction of thecars,:provision is made for their discharging themselves, and the tileswhich form a close flat bottom are confined securely in place, and ifone or more should happen to be accidentally broken, the whole onescannot be so far displaced as to fall out, and what is still moreimportant, the bottoms of the tiles are left almost entirely exposed, sothat the tops of the loaves or other articles below them are subjectedto a gentle radiated heat from them; whereas if the cars had ironbottoms, the loaves or other articles below would have their topsscorched by the intense radiation of heat therefrom before they wereproperly baked. Instead of cars on wheels, trays constructed in asubstantially similar manner to the bodies of the cars above described,and sliding into and from the oven, might be used; but generally thecars will be more convenient than the sliding trays.

In order to provide for the regulation of the temperature of the ovenand to economize fuel, each of the outlet fiues c, e, is fitted with abutterfly damper 69, (see Figs. 2, 3, and 5) which is made self-actingby the following means :70, is a thin flat bar of iron or other metal,(see Figs. 4 and 5) extending right across the upper part of the ovenand firmly secured at its ends by bolts 71, to the ends of the oven.This bar is longer than the distance between the points of attachment ofits ends, and has to be deflected to get it into its place; suchcefiection bein made in an upward direction from its enc s.This'deflection is increased more or less by its expansion when the ovenbecomes hot. At its highest part, the bar 70, passes through a slot in alink 90, suspended from the front end of a lever 72, which works througha hole in the back of the oven, on a fulcrum 73, (see Fig. 5). Thislever and its connections with the damper are represented detached fromthe oven in Fig. 13, which is a side view. The outer or rear end of thislever carries a stud 74, 011 one side, (see Fig. 5) which stud works inthe forked end of an arm 7 7 secured to a light horizontal shaft 75,which is fitted to turn in bearings in brackets 76, 76, see Figs. 2 and3) secured to the back of the oven. This shaft 75, carries near thetines e, 6, two other arms 79, each of which has suspended from it a rod80 (see Figs. 2 and 3) in which there is a slot (Fig. 2) to receive astud 91, that is secured in one of two weighted levers 78, of the thirdorder, which are secured one to the spindle of each of the butterfiydampers 69. The weights on the levers 78 exert a tendency to close thedampers 69, but as the studs 91 of the said levers cannot move below thebottom of the slots in the rods 80, the closing of the dampers iscontrolled by the arms 7 9, of the shaft 7 5, from which the said rodsare suspended, and the position of these arms 79, depends on the degreeof deflection of the expansion bar 70. The arms 79, are so adjusted thatwhen the oven is at the lowest baking temperature, the dampers 69, arewide open; then as the temperature increases beyond this point, theincreasing deflection of the bar 7 0, consequent upon its expansioncauses the said bar to raise the inner end of the lever 72, by whichmeans the stud 7 1, at the outer end thereof is caused to depress thearm 77, and turn the shaft 75, in such a direction that the arms 79descend and allow the descent of the weighted damper levers 78; and assoon as these levers descend, the dampers begin to close; and thisoperation continues as the heat of the oven continues to increase, untilthe dampers are entirely closed. As the temperature falls again, anopposite effect is produced; the bar straightening again as itcontracts, and drawing down the inner end of the lever 72, and raisingthe arm 77, thus causing the arms 79 to rise and lift up the levers 78,thereby opening the dampers. The above regulating apparatus can be soadjusted as to close the dampers entirely at any given temperature; but,whenever the amount of dough in the oven is materially lessened, thetemperature of the oven may continue to rise after communication fromthe fire to the chimney is closed by these dampers 69, in the flues; andtherefore a pipe 81, (see Figs. 3, 4t, 5, and 13) leading into the lowerpart of the back of the oven, and a pipe 82, communicating between theupper part of the oven and the chimney, are provided for the admissionof an upward current of cold air through the oven to the chimney, whichadmission is effected by the opening of two dampers 83, 84, one fittedto the pipe 81, and the other to the pipe 82; the opening of the saiddampers being performed by the action of an arm 92, that is secured onthe shaft 75, and provided with a stud 93, that works in a slot 95, (seeFig. 13) in a rod 85, which connects two levers 94;, attached one toeach of the spindles of the two dampers 83, 84:. The lower one of theselevers, viz, that belonging to the damper 83, is weighted in such amanner as to exert a tendency to close the two dampers, and there is somuch play allowed in the slot 95, for the stud 93, that the whole of themovement of the shaft that is necessary to open and close the fluedampers 69, can be eifected without any movement of the rod 85; but thecontinued movement of the shaft 75, aroduced by the continued expansionof the bar 7 0, after the dampers 69, have been closed, brings the stud93, to the bottom of slot 95 and causes the depression of the rod 85,and of the ends of the levers 94, that are attached to said rod, thusopening the dampers 83, 84, and admitting a stream of air through theoven.

Having described an oven in which all the principles of my invention arefully carried out, I will remark that by using five that the oven mustof necessity be only to a certain extent automatic in its operation. Iwill further remark that a single set of chains may be employed, havingbrackets 96, rigidly attached to their links, as shown in Fig. 14, whichis a front elevation; said brackets carrying tracks h, h, and beingfurnished with rollers 98, to run in fixed guides 97, in the front andback of the oven, as is shown in Fig. 15, which is a horizontal sectionof one-half the chain and its guides. By this arrangement, a series ofascending shelf-like supports and a series of descending ones areobtained with the use of only one series of chains; but I regard such anarrangement as very inferior to the employment of an arrangement ofchains of which each only sustains one track or one edge of the support.

Instead of using only two endless chains on each pair of chain-shafts,sets consisting of a greater number may be employed to sustain the railsor track bars h, or chains may be so constructed with very broad linksthat a single chain on each pair of chain-shafts will do the dutyperformed by the pairs of chains described.

I am aware that endless chains or aprons have been used in ovens priorto my invention, to convey the bread from one door through which it isreceived into the oven to another through which, after having been bakedit is discharged therefrom; but such chains or aprons have never beenconstructed, arranged or furnished so as to provide a compact series ofascending or descending horizontal shelf-like supports for the bread,similar to the system of chains and supports herein described, whichpossesses advantages over all other systems of chains or aprons inenabling an immensely greater quantity of bread or other substance to becontained inan oven occupying the same space, and in economizing heat;and it also permits the condensation of the alcoholic vapors evolved inthe baking process by their coming in contact with the surfaces of themore recently introduced and consequently cooler loaves and there-absorption of the alcoholic properties. In view of such prior use ofendless chains or aprons, I do not intend to claim, generally, the useof of endless chains in connection with other the bread during thebaking process; but

WVhat I claim as my invention, and desire to secure by Letters Patent,is

The employmentin an oven of a system of endless chains in connectionwith other machinery arranged and combined substantially as hereindescribed, for the purpose of introducing dough or other material to bebaked into the oven, keeping the same in motion therein and deliveringthe same therefrom when baked.

HIRAM BERDAN.

WVitnesses:

H. A. V. Peer, 0. MACDANIEL.

[FIRST PRINTED 1912.]

